Is There A Place To Research Pragmatic Online
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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
CLKs' understanding and ability to draw on relational affordances, 프라그마틱 플레이 무료체험 [official website] as well as learner-internal elements, were important. RIs from TS & ZL, for example were able to cite their local professor relationship as a major factor in their rational decision to avoid criticising a strict prof (see example 2).
This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the most important pragmatic issues such as:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion is a commonly used tool in the field of pragmatic research. It has many strengths however, it also has its drawbacks. The DCT is one example. It is unable to account for cultural and individual variations. Additionally, the DCT can be biased and could lead to overgeneralizations. It should be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or assessment.
Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful tool to investigate the connection between prosody, information structure and non-native speakers. The ability of the DCT in two or more stages to alter the social variables that are related to politeness could be a benefit. This ability can aid researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across different cultural contexts, a major challenge in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics the DCT has emerged as one of the primary tools for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to study various issues, including the manner of speaking, turn-taking and the use of lexical terms. It can be used to evaluate the phonological difficulty of learners their speech.
Recent research has used an DCT as a tool to assess the refusal skills of EFL students. Participants were given an array of scenarios and required to choose a suitable response from the options provided. The researchers discovered that the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods, such as videos or questionnaires. However, the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of methods for collecting data.
DCTs are typically developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of the test creators. They may not be accurate and may misrepresent how ELF learners respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more investigation into alternative methods of assessing refusal competency.
A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCT encouraged more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and made a less frequent use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study explored Chinese learners' pragmatic choices in their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs), metapragmatic questionnaires, and Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also required to provide reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs are more likely to defy native Korean pragmatic norms. Their choices were influenced by four factors such as their personality and multilingual identities, their current life experiences as well as their relational affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was analyzed first to identify the participants' actual choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared their selections with their linguistic performance using DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of a pragmatic resistance. The interviewees were asked to justify their choice of pragmatic behavior in a specific scenario.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and z tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack experience with the target languages, leading to an inadequate understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to be more convergent toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances. In situations 3 and 12, CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14 CLKs favored convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatic resistance in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one within two days of the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two independent coders. The coding was an iterative process, in which the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of coding were compared to the original RI transcripts, which provided an indication of how well the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behavior.
Refusal Interviews
The key problem in the field of pragmatic research is: Why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question using a variety of experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants comprised 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. They were asked to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that CLKs on average, did not follow the patterns of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even when they were able to produce patterns that closely resembled natives. Furthermore, they were clearly aware of their pragmatism. They attributed their resistance to learner-internal factors such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors, like relational benefits. For instance, they discussed how their relationships with professors facilitated an easier performance in regards to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university.
The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could face when their social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native friends would perceive them as "foreigners" and think they are not intelligent. This worry was similar to that expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speakers' pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners. They could remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reassess the usefulness of these tests in different cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will help them better know how different cultures could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also assist educators to develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy.
Case Studies
The case study method is a research method that employs in-depth, participant-centered investigations to investigate a specific topic. It is a method that uses multiple data sources to help support the findings, such as interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts. This kind of research can be used to examine unique or complex issues that are difficult to other methods to measure.
The first step in conducting a case study is to clearly define the subject and the objectives of the study. This will allow you to identify what aspects of the subject should be studied and which ones can be skipped. It is also useful to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject and put the issue within a larger theoretical framework.
This case study was built on an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] as well as its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study showed that L2 Korean learners were extremely dependent on the influence of native models. They tended to select wrong answer options that were literal interpretations of the prompts, deviating from accurate pragmatic inference. They also had an unnatural tendency to include their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, 프라그마틱 게임 슬롯 무료 [written by sitesrow.com] further reducing their quality of response.
Moreover, the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their third or second year of university, and were aiming to reach level 6 on their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and perception of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two scenarios involving an interaction with their co-workers and were asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making an offer. Interviewees were then asked to justify their choice. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatism to their personalities. TS for instance said she was difficult to talk to and would not inquire about the health of her co-worker when they had a lot of work, even though she thought native Koreans would.
CLKs' understanding and ability to draw on relational affordances, 프라그마틱 플레이 무료체험 [official website] as well as learner-internal elements, were important. RIs from TS & ZL, for example were able to cite their local professor relationship as a major factor in their rational decision to avoid criticising a strict prof (see example 2).
This article reviews all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the most important pragmatic issues such as:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The test for discourse completion is a commonly used tool in the field of pragmatic research. It has many strengths however, it also has its drawbacks. The DCT is one example. It is unable to account for cultural and individual variations. Additionally, the DCT can be biased and could lead to overgeneralizations. It should be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or assessment.
Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful tool to investigate the connection between prosody, information structure and non-native speakers. The ability of the DCT in two or more stages to alter the social variables that are related to politeness could be a benefit. This ability can aid researchers understand the role of prosody in communication across different cultural contexts, a major challenge in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics the DCT has emerged as one of the primary tools for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to study various issues, including the manner of speaking, turn-taking and the use of lexical terms. It can be used to evaluate the phonological difficulty of learners their speech.
Recent research has used an DCT as a tool to assess the refusal skills of EFL students. Participants were given an array of scenarios and required to choose a suitable response from the options provided. The researchers discovered that the DCT to be more effective than other refusal methods, such as videos or questionnaires. However, the researchers cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of methods for collecting data.
DCTs are typically developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are based on intuition and based on the assumptions of the test creators. They may not be accurate and may misrepresent how ELF learners respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more investigation into alternative methods of assessing refusal competency.
A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests submitted by students via email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCT encouraged more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and made a less frequent use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study explored Chinese learners' pragmatic choices in their use of Korean using a variety of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs), metapragmatic questionnaires, and Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also required to provide reflections on their opinions and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs are more likely to defy native Korean pragmatic norms. Their choices were influenced by four factors such as their personality and multilingual identities, their current life experiences as well as their relational affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment.
The MQ data was analyzed first to identify the participants' actual choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared their selections with their linguistic performance using DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of a pragmatic resistance. The interviewees were asked to justify their choice of pragmatic behavior in a specific scenario.
The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were analyzed with descriptive statistics and z tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic terms such as "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack experience with the target languages, leading to an inadequate understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preferences to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to be more convergent toward L1 differed based on the DCT circumstances. In situations 3 and 12, CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms and L2 norms, while in Situation 14 CLKs favored convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatic resistance in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one within two days of the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two independent coders. The coding was an iterative process, in which the coders read and discussed each transcript. The results of coding were compared to the original RI transcripts, which provided an indication of how well the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behavior.
Refusal Interviews
The key problem in the field of pragmatic research is: Why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question using a variety of experimental tools including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants comprised 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. They were asked to complete the DCTs in their first language and complete the MQs either in their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that CLKs on average, did not follow the patterns of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even when they were able to produce patterns that closely resembled natives. Furthermore, they were clearly aware of their pragmatism. They attributed their resistance to learner-internal factors such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors, like relational benefits. For instance, they discussed how their relationships with professors facilitated an easier performance in regards to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university.
The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could face when their social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native friends would perceive them as "foreigners" and think they are not intelligent. This worry was similar to that expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speakers' pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners. They could remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reassess the usefulness of these tests in different cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will help them better know how different cultures could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also assist educators to develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy.
Case Studies
The case study method is a research method that employs in-depth, participant-centered investigations to investigate a specific topic. It is a method that uses multiple data sources to help support the findings, such as interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts. This kind of research can be used to examine unique or complex issues that are difficult to other methods to measure.
The first step in conducting a case study is to clearly define the subject and the objectives of the study. This will allow you to identify what aspects of the subject should be studied and which ones can be skipped. It is also useful to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject and put the issue within a larger theoretical framework.
This case study was built on an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50] as well as its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study showed that L2 Korean learners were extremely dependent on the influence of native models. They tended to select wrong answer options that were literal interpretations of the prompts, deviating from accurate pragmatic inference. They also had an unnatural tendency to include their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, 프라그마틱 게임 슬롯 무료 [written by sitesrow.com] further reducing their quality of response.
Moreover, the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their third or second year of university, and were aiming to reach level 6 on their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and perception of the world.
Interviewees were presented with two scenarios involving an interaction with their co-workers and were asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making an offer. Interviewees were then asked to justify their choice. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatism to their personalities. TS for instance said she was difficult to talk to and would not inquire about the health of her co-worker when they had a lot of work, even though she thought native Koreans would.
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